WebSocket¶
WebSocket is a technology that allows creating a persistent, bi-directional connection between a client and a server. It's mostly used in real-time apps, chat apps, etc.
BlackSheep is able to handle incoming WebSocket connections if you're using an ASGI server that supports WebSocket protocol (for example Uvicorn or Hypercorn).
Creating a WebSocket route¶
If you want your request handler to act as a WebSocket handler, use the ws decorator or
a corresponding add_ws method provided by the app router.
Note that the ws decorator doesn't have a default path pattern, so you must pass it.
You can use route parameters just like with the regular request handlers.
from blacksheep import Application, WebSocket
app = Application()
@app.router.ws("/ws/{client_id}")
async def ws(websocket: WebSocket, client_id: str):
...
from blacksheep import Application, WebSocket
app = Application()
async def ws(websocket: WebSocket, client_id: str):
...
app.router.add_ws("/ws/{client_id}", ws)
A WebSocket object will be bound to a parameter injected into your handler function
when the client will try to connect to the endpoint.
Be careful
Make sure that your function either has a parameter named websocket or a parameter
with an arbitrary name, annotated with the WebSocket class. Otherwise, the route
will not function properly.
Accepting the connection¶
The WebSocket class provides the accept method to accept a connection, passing
optional parameters to the client. These optional parameters are headers which
will be sent back to the client with the handshake response and subprotocol
that your application agrees to accept.
Info
The MDN article on writing WebSocket servers has some additional information regarding subprotocols and response headers.
@app.router.ws("/ws")
async def ws(websocket: WebSocket):
# Parameters are purely optional.
await websocket.accept(
headers=[(b"x-custom-header", b"custom-value")],
subprotocol="custom-protocol"
)
As soon as the connection is accepted, you can start receiving and sending messages.
Communicating with the client¶
There are 3 helper method pairs to communicate with the client:
receive_text/send_text, receive_bytes/send_bytes and receive_json/send_json.
There is also the receive method that allows for receiving raw WebSocket messages.
Although most of the time you'll want to use one of the helper methods.
All send methods accept an argument of data to be sent. receive_json/send_json also
accepts a mode argument. It defaults to MessageMode.TEXT and can be set to
MessageMode.BYTES if, for example, your client sends you encoded JSON strings.
Below is a simple example of an echo WebSocket handler.
This function will receive a text message sent by the client and echo it back until either the client disconnects or the server shut down.
@app.router.ws("/ws")
async def echo(websocket: WebSocket):
await websocket.accept()
while True:
msg = await websocket.receive_text()
# "Hello world!"
await websocket.send_text(msg)
@app.router.ws("/ws")
async def echo(websocket: WebSocket):
await websocket.accept()
while True:
msg = await websocket.receive_bytes()
# b"Hello world"
await websocket.send_bytes(msg)
@app.router.ws("/ws")
async def echo(websocket: WebSocket):
await websocket.accept()
while True:
msg = await websocket.receive_json()
# {'msg': 'Hello world!'}
await websocket.send_json(msg)
Handling client disconnect¶
In event of client disconnect, the ASGI server will close the connection and send the
corresponding message to your app. Upon receiving this message WebSocket object will
raise the WebSocketDisconnectError exception.
You'll likely want to catch it and handle it somehow.
from blacksheep import WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnectError
...
@app.router.ws("/ws")
async def echo(websocket: WebSocket):
await websocket.accept()
try:
while True:
msg = await websocket.receive_text()
await websocket.send_text(msg)
except WebSocketDisconnectError:
... # Handle the disconnect.
Example: chat application¶
Here you can find the example app using BlackSheep and VueJS. It implements a naive chat application.
Warning
This code is just an example! It would be much more complex if you would like to build a real chat app.
Last modified on: 2022-11-20 11:01:11